Soviet intelligences officers carried "Army"-like ranks. Submariner's badge Personal ranks were reintroduced in 1935, and general officer ranks were restored in May 1940. Stars, buttons and insignia are olive drab for all ranks. [12], Former head of Azerbaijan SSR KGB Heydar Aliyev, exAzerbaijani President, In the 1960s, acting upon the information of KGB defector Anatoliy Golitsyn, the CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed KGB had moles in two key placesthe counter-intelligence section of CIA and the FBI's counter-intelligence departmentthrough whom they would know of, and control, US counter-espionage to protect the moles and hamper the detection and capture of other Communist spies. HONOR GUARD (usually (usually mustered for arrival of Chiefs of State) 2. Kgb Insignia (36 Results) Shop this gift guide Everyday finds Shop this gift guide Soviet Russian General / Marshal's Badge for Visor Hat or Fur Cap ORIGINAL USSR Issue for Army, KGB & Air Force Rare Cockade A+ Condition wwwCollectRussia (402) $29.99 FREE shipping NKVD - Soviet military badgde AlexvukSerbia (54) $19.00 From handmade pieces to vintage treasures ready to be loved again, Etsy is the global marketplace for unique and creative goods. Rank insignia of Ryadovoj of the KGB Border Troops infobox (1980).png 242 89; 32 KB. piping, other ranks have only longitudinal stripes colored according to their In 2020 alone, purchases on Etsy generated nearly $4 billion in income for small businesses. shoulderboard is as shown in Fig. branch of service insignia are olive drab. (1990). 00 . Outside the Warsaw Alliance, the Soviet system of ranks and insignia influenced those in the following countries: China (before 1958 and after 1988), East Turkestan (unrecognized, part of China), North Korea, Vietnam (with stripes horizontal rather than vertical), Laos (senior officers have a thick stripe instead of two thin stripes), Kampuchea (19791993), Afghanistan (senior officers have horizontal stripes instead of vertical), South Yemen (19851990), Mongolia, and Cuba (the latter two countries slightly changed designs in the post-Soviet times, but the Soviet patterns are still easy to recognize). On the contrary, legal residents would typically be high ranking, as for their placement in critical consular positions to not raise any red flags. Although the Five operated mainly in the 1950s, the fifth member has not been conclusively identified and may have operated for as late as the late 1970s - early 1980s. (1987 year). . Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. A cinnamon-brown color was used instead of the burgundy red previously worn by commanders and commanding officers. Learn more. Captain Senior It. Navy and Militia: Same as for dress/semi-dress. Foreign operations operatives would mostly be affiliated with the First Chief Directorate, and their position within the directorate was probably more important than their military rank. The agent then substantiated his or her legend by living it in a foreign country, before emigrating to the target country, thus the sending of US-bound illegal residents via the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada. Spetsnaz != KGB. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. British and American agents of Soviet intelligence were for the most part ideological supporters of the regime, and many were members of communist parties. You're confusing KGB and GRU here. The KGB residency executed four types of espionage: (i) political, (ii) economic, (iii) military-strategic, and (iv) disinformation, effected with "active measures" (PR Line), counter-intelligence and security (KR Line), and scientifictechnological intelligence (X Line); quotidian duties included SIGINT (RP Line) and illegal support (N Line). Approved Fo ` bt%dg*e1999/08/24 This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 18:19. (All ranks not shown) Q M 9 Collar Ornamentation on Officers' uniforms The functional ranks remained only in the medical, veterinary, and legislative corps, and Private became the basic rank for the enlisted and NCOs. In the meantime, millions of political prisoners were released from the MVDs vast system of forced labour camps and from internal exile. buttons are gold. Army, Air Force, Border Guard and KGB: Background in color of Branch of During the Cold War, the KGB actively sought to combat "ideological subversion"anti-communist political and religious ideas and the dissidents who promoted them, which was generally dealt with as a matter of national security in discouraging influence of hostile foreign powers. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. The rank insignia was now also seen on epaulettes: black on-duty dresses and dark blue and gold on all full and ceremonial dresses for the fleet forces, with air force blue borders for the aviation branch and red borders for the coastal defense and naval infantry branch. Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 When Soviet archives were opened in the 1990s, it was learned that the Cheka, which in 1921 had a staff of more than 250,000, was responsible for the execution of more than 140,000 people. Evidence suggests that Soviet agents in Britain passed 15,000 to 20,000 documents to Moscow between 1941 and 1945. Buttons are gold. Feliks Dzerzhinsky, the Chekas chief during the early years of Soviet power, molded the service into an effective, merciless tool of the ruling Communist Party. Good news! Military rank is a badge of leadership. Marshals and General officers shoulderboards have piping, other ranks have only longitudinal stripes colored according to their branch of service. Militia: Same as for dress/semi-dress. Sgt. Militia 1 and 3. The republican affiliation offices almost completely duplicated the structural organization of the main KGB. 6 OFFICERS NOTE: MILITIA OFFICERS always wear shoulderboards of silver thread background with red longitudinal stripes and pi ing. The rank systems in the pro-Soviet states of Mongolia and Tuva developed under the Soviet influence, following the pattern change in 1943. Category:Military rank insignia of the KGB From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Subcategories This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. After breaking away from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s with Russian help, the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia established its own KGB (keeping this unreformed name). rev2023.3.3.43278. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? $1.00each SRS3. "", . Abakumov under Berias supervision, played a major role in the Soviet Unions war effort in World War II and in the subsequent consolidation of its power in eastern Europe. Rank insignia of Yefreytor of the KGB Border Troops infobox (1980).png 242 89; 29 KB. [2][pageneeded] For the most part the new system restored that used by the Imperial Russian Army after its participation in World War I. Rank insignia then used both upside-down chevrons on the sleeve and collar marks. Later in 1943, the ranks of Marshal and Chief Marshal of a service branch were introduced in aviation, artillery, communications troops, and armored troops; both equivalent to General of the Army. Branch of service insignia is gold or silver as for dress/semi- uniform.Rank of Leutenant.2 small gray stars and 1 gray bar.$15.00 pair . The ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces between 1955 and 1991 were distinguished by the reorganisation of the Soviet armed forces after the death of Stalin, resulting in changes to ranks, insignia, and uniforms. Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 Albania kept the Soviet-based system until 1966 when ranks and insignia were abolished completely. In the 1980s, the glasnost liberalisation of Soviet society provoked KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (198891) to lead the August 1991 Soviet coup d'tat attempt to depose President Mikhail Gorbachev. Belarus sleeve patch for the Belarus KGB's signal unit.$6.00 . is either silver on gold shoulderboards or gold on silver shoulderboards. : " ". From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, , ; Military rank insignia of the KGB, Military rank insignia of the KGB (1955-1957), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Military_rank_insignia_of_the_KGB_(1955-1957)&oldid=634508877, Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no instance of, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Even though traditional personal ranks for Red Army officers were re-established in 1935, general ranks were not introduced until 1940, probably because they were associated with the White Army movement. In consequence, KGB monitored the satellite-state populations for occurrences of "harmful attitudes" and "hostile acts;" yet, stopping the Prague Spring, deposing a nationalist Communist government, was its greatest achievement. While many of the items on Etsy are handmade, youll also find craft supplies, digital items, and more. After the war, the rank of Generalissimus of the Soviet Union was proposed to Joseph Stalin in his role as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, however, he refused the proposal of the rank several times. Original Price $40.00 These units and formations existed in the highest-possible secrecy, and were disguised as Soviet paratroopers (Army spetsnaz) or naval infantrymen (Naval spetsnaz) by their uniforms and insignia. Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 In early 1942 all the functional ranks in technical and administrative corps became regularized ranks (e.g., "Engineer Major", "Engineer Colonel", "Captain Intendant Service", etc.). 2-3. In a memorandum submitted on 17 March 1940 to the Politburo and Sovnarkom, Voroshilov made the following proposal:[5][bettersourceneeded]. Captain Senior Lt. Second most junior rank in the Army, and the first at which a Soldier wears rank insignia. In 1970 all Starshinas became full-time senior non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel and the new NCO rank of Praporshchik became a Warrant Officer rank, with a new rank of Senior Praporshchik created for senior rank holders later in 1981. Officers' cap devices You might want to clarify that you are referencing fictional characters and not the Queen and Prince Consort. Established in 1954, the KGB was the most durable of a series of security agencies starting with the Cheka, which was established in December 1917 in the first days of the Bolshevik government. Of course I'm not implying such sleeper-cells existed in the USA, just asking for likely ranks. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Approved For Release 19951Mr78-02646R000400360001-4 Yugoslavia abandoned the Soviet-style insignia in 1951, following the breakaway from Stalin's block; other countries quickly reverted to previous designs shortly after Stalin's death (19561958). [citation needed] In 1944, the New York City residency infiltrated the top secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, by recruiting Theodore Hall, a nineteen-year-old Harvard physicist. Non-commissioned officers and Silver Thus, a komvzvoda (platoon commander) was a position for an officer who would typically hold a lieutenant or senior lieutenant rank, kombat (battalion commander) was an equivalent of captain or major, and kompolka was an equivalent of lieutenant colonel or colonel. Identification of Branch of Service. In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. Battalions. Sgt.-Major, Infantry (extended enlistment) Senior Sgt., Air Force Another example is the Cambridge Five. This unusual rank structure makes rank comparisons difficult; Marshal of the Soviet Union is arguably not the equivalent to NATO five-star general ranks such as British Field Marshal or American General of the Army, but is instead an honorary rank analogous to the Marshal of France, although without associated state functions. The KGB prepared the Red Army's route by infiltrating to Czechoslovakia many illegal residents disguised as Western tourists. in figs. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. At that time the Imperial Russian Table of Ranks was abolished, as were the privileges of the pre-Soviet Russian nobility. Corrections? Minimising the environmental effects of my dyson brain, Using indicator constraint with two variables. In 1939 all flag officer ranks were reinstated and Midshipman became the highest enlisted rating in the Navy, and in the course of the Great Patriotic War, all Redfleetmen became Seamen in another rank change. according to their branch of service. . The MVD was gradually dismantled and finally abolished in 1960. (for Sergeants of extended enlistment) (in Russian) ( ), , .. Junior Lt. Stars and NAVY - SHOULDERBOARDS, PETTY OFFICERS AND SEAMEN* What were the needs of the US Navy that resulted in the production of both the Arleigh Burke class and Ticonderoga class in the 1980s? Appr%vA%jcFBirs g J?fi N i 1I? It only takes a minute to sign up. The Chairman of the KGB, First Deputy Chairmen (12), Deputy Chairmen (46). Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 Established in 1954, the KGB was the most durable of a series of security agencies starting with the Cheka, which was established in December 1917 in the first days of the Bolshevik government. Colonel Lt. Col. Major Within two days, by 20 August 1991, the attempted coup collapsed. Identity cards The Chairman of the KGB of the USSR Yuri Andropov. Media in category "Military rank insignia of the KGB (1980)" The following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. To wit, British Manhattan Project team physicist Klaus Fuchs (GRU 1941) was the main agent of the Rosenberg spy ring. Service uniforms The letter imprint on Soviet navy shoulder boards OR1 to OR7 symbolised the adherence to the appropriate fleet or naval major command. DRESS/SEMI-DRESS, SERVICE AND COMBAT Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 2. Resultantly, critical literature re-emerged, notably the novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn; however, after Khrushchev's deposition in 1964, Leonid Brezhnev reverted the State and KGB to actively harsh suppressionroutine house searches to seize documents and the continual monitoring of dissidents. Approved For Release 1999/08/1iI&RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 Soviet Militsiya rank insignia (1958) (50 F) Soviet Militsiya rank insignia (1965) (44 F) Soviet Militsiya rank insignia (1969) (36 F) Soviet Militsiya rank insignia (1971-1977) (25 F) Categories: Military rank insignia of the Soviet Union. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. dress and service The KGB failed to prevent Sakharov's collecting his Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but did prevent Yuri Orlov collecting his Nobel Prize in 1978; Chairman Andropov supervised both operations. 2nd Rank 19434.png 100 248; 59 KB. Vice-Admiral This position of respect is held by KGB's long time veterans that have made a major contribution to the organization as a whole. Dirk worn by officers and some petty-officers with dress uniform Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The service categories essentially operated as ranks in disguise: they indicated the experience and qualifications of a commander. For war-time, KGB had ready sabotage operations arms caches in target countries. During the Sengoku-jidai, what were shinobi (aka ninja) used for? In retrospect, the captures of the moles Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen proved that Angleton, though ignored as over-aggressive, was correct, despite costing him his job at CIA, which he left in 1975. Responsibility for personnel, equipment and mission grows with each. Service Its policy Collegium comprised a chairman, deputy chairmen, directorate chiefs, and republican KGB chairmen. B Military rank insignia of the Border troops, Internal forces, KGB (5 C) M Military rank insignia of the Soviet Militsiya (18 C) Media in category "Military rank insignia of the Soviet Union" The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total. Does shopping on Etsy help support small businesses? Guard and KGB: Background is olive drab. Insignia worn only in the Navy NAVAL AIR FORCE AND SHORE BASED PERSONNEL (AII ranks not shown) 19434.png 248 100; 49 KB. Militia. Winter Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. On September 22, 1935, the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. SOVIET COLLAR TABS, SLEEVE PATCHES, BRANCH INSIGNIA. With powerful tools and services, along with expert support and education, we help creative entrepreneurs start, manage, and scale their businesses. The Soviet ranks and insignia (post-1943) are based on the ranks of Imperial Russia, which influenced the rank systems in imperial Japan, Thailand, Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria. If one did not know a commander's position, one used one of the possible positions - for example: "Regiment Commander" for K-9. Information uncovered in the 1990s indicated that by 1953 some 2,750,000 Soviet citizens were in jail or in forced-labour camps, and approximately the same number were in internal exile. OFFICERS' CANDIDATES and STUDENTS OF SUVOROV MILITARY SCHOOLS Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For faster navigation, . Beria, as a member of the ruling Central Committee, continued to supervise the two ministries while serving as head of the MVD. The NKVD's first US operation was establishing the legal residency of Boris Bazarov and the illegal residency of Iskhak Akhmerov in 1934. I can say the GRU is the most fearsome force in Chechnya. DESCRIPTION. We believe there is no need for additional military ranks above Marshal. Militsiya of the Soviet Union. Abbreviated PV2. 19 -RDP78 shoulderboards have piping, other ranks have only longitudinal stripes colored Its also home to a whole host of one-of-a-kind items made with love and extraordinary care. The rank of KGB SUPREME KNIGHT is the highest enlisted rank. (2011). ( ) // i i i ": , , i", 2011, . The ranks and rates were, just like in their counterparts in the Army, personal positions for officers, Petty Officers, and seaman rates. Z Scull, Candidate (first year), other names are ladle, first year, pheasant, etc. Marshals and. Navy: Same as for dress/semi-dress but shaped according to Fig. This handbook has been compiled from the latest Soviet sources Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 Recruitment then emphasised mercenary agents, an approach especially successful[citation needed][quantify] in scientific and technical espionagebecause private industry practiced lax internal security, unlike the US Government. stars on a gold background or gold stars on a silver background denote officers This sometimes meant the KGB would recruit a local, or at least a non Soviet national, who obviously would have no military rank. SLEEVE INSIGNIA WORN BY LINE AND LINE ENGINEER NAVAL OFFICERS The final personal rank structure (for the Army and the Air Force) was thus as follows: Eventually, the Soviet system of general ranks included commonplace Major General, Lieutenant General, however, the position between Lieutenant General and General of the Army was occupied by the Colonel General, which in the Soviet system is the equivalent of a full General rank in other nations. Air Force (Infantry) (Artillery) Critics say that it continues the KGB's work of persecution of 'dissidents' and is guilty of torture and other human rights violations, and of extortion and corruption. General of Cavalry, Marshal of Armoured Troops). Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Where does this (supposedly) Gibson quote come from? SOVIET COLLAR TABS SCT1.Enlisted.Black felt collar tabs for tunic. Ship and Ship Engineers Other than ship and ship engineers enlisted men's shoulderboards The KGB also has been considered a military service and was governed by army laws and regulations, similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops. 999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000400360001-4 Mindful of ambitious spy chiefsand after deposing Premier Nikita KhrushchevSecretary Leonid Brezhnev and the CPSU knew to manage the next over-ambitious KGB Chairman, Aleksandr Shelepin (195861), who facilitated Brezhnev's palace coup d'tat against Khrushchev in 1964 (despite Shelepin not then being in the KGB). Despite its accurate forecast of crisis, the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) hindered the KGB's destroying the nascent Solidarity-backed political movement, fearing explosive civil violence if they imposed the KGB-recommended martial law. ground or silver stars on a gold background. Russian President Vladimir Putin worked extensively in Dresden, East Germany during the 1980s. On August 18, 1991 the Chairman of the KGB Vladimir Kryuchkov and 7 other Soviet leaders, the State Committee on the State of Emergency, attempted to overthrow the government of the Soviet Union. The ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Army between 1955 and 1991 were distinguished by the reorganisation of the Soviet armed forces after the death of Stalin, resulting in changes to ranks, insignia, and uniforms. The aftermath of the Second Red Scare (194757), McCarthyism, and the destruction of the CPUSA hampered recruitment. It was Cold War policy for the KGB of the Soviet Union and the secret services of the satellite states to extensively monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc. The only exceptions were the use of the ranks of Marshal of Aviation and Chief Marshal of Aviation, which replaced the rank of General of the Army until the latter became the highest officer rank in 1993. Approved For Release 199 ji C%N F 78-026468000400360001-4 Rank insignia of Yefreytor of the KGB Border Troops (1980).png 89 242; 28 KB. 1980.png 448 1,088; 1.04 MB. Army, Air Force and KGB Summer: service To be sent abroad, they had to have been promoted at least twice, to Captain. It had no formal connection to the KGB, the Soviet political police and security agency, though Western intelligence authorities believed that the KGB had agents within the GRU. (in Russian), , (1973). Captain Senior It. On October 9, 1942, the authorities abolished the system of military commissars, together with the commissar ranks, and they were completely integrated into the regular officer corps. theless contains the most useful and important information on this 1943.png 136 360; 118 KB. @YannisRizos KGB was not a military arm, it was its own government ministry. "Lt. Col." was the "average" rank. Engineering-Techinal Services MOZAMBIQUE // i i i ": , , i", . SOVIET RANK STARS SRS1.Small gold rank stars. In June 2010 however 10 individuals were arrested and identified as Russian agents, a network that has been since known as the Illegals Program. rovea i-or Keiease i JJJ/Ut$1Z4 : C:IA-KUI'/t$-UZb4bK0004UUSbUUU1- Rank insignia of .svg 138 356; 286 KB Found something you love but want to make it even more uniquely you? In 1941 responsibility for state security was transferred from the NKVD to the NKGB (Peoples Commissariat for State Security). It is responsible for counter-terrorism and counter espionage and Russian information security. They were to gain the trust of and spy upon the most outspoken proponents of Alexander Dubek's new government. History Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for historians and history buffs. Under Add your personalization, the text box will tell you what the seller needs to know. 16 Many sellers on Etsy offer personalized, made-to-order items. After the introduction of this new system, most existing kombrigs were ranked as colonel, although some were ranked as general; existing komdivs were mostly ranked as major general, komcors and Army Commanders 2nd rank was mostly ranked Lieutenant General, and Army Commanders 1st rank were ranked as Colonel General or General of the Army (a notable exception is Georgy Zhukov who was promoted to General of the Army directly from komcor rank). During World War II the MGB conducted operations in Nazi-occupied Europe. Responsibility for personnel, equipment and mission grows with each advancement. All other officers and other ranks wore corps colours as follows: The regimental numberings of the 1943 system were removed altogether. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Choose the options youd like for the order. This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. At best, the compromised spy either returned to the Soviet Union or was declared persona non grata and expelled by the government of the target country. Stars, ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK The KGB used the Moscow Narodny Bank Limited to finance the acquisition, and an intermediary, Singaporean businessman Amos Dawe, as the frontman.[13]. More than 750,000 people were executed in 193738 alone, including tens of thousands of party officials and military and security officers. In late 1967, the notable KGB success was the walk-in recruitment of US Navy Chief Warrant Officer John Anthony Walker who individually and via the Walker Spy Ring for eighteen years enabled Soviet Intelligence to decipher some one million US Navy messages, and track the US Navy. Post-Soviet countries mostly retained the Soviet-based system of ranks and insignia, except for the Baltic States (they restored their pre-Soviet rank systems), Azerbaijan (which wanted to make its uniforms and ranks prominently different from Armenian), Georgia, and Ukraine (Soviet-style designs were used before 2003 and 2016 in both Georgia and Ukraine respectively). In Africa, pro-Soviet regimes in Burkina Faso (under Thomas Sankara) and Mozambique (under Samora Machel) used Soviet-style insignia but abandoned them when political trends changed. Original Price $25.00 Areas of KGB activities. 1 January 1961 Uniquely, the ranks of the Soviet Naval Infantry, Soviet Naval Aviation, and the other ground services remained army-styled similar to their Red Army counterparts but the rank insignia became uniform. Good behavior over the long hall, sacrifice, and commitment are all important attributes of a SUPREME KNIGHT. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word "officer" and used the word "commander" instead. W [o"q ?8ke@ph WpW*lt9I8 TIFIZR lWMiopn M~f [5], The KGB classified its spies as agents (intelligence providers) and controllers (intelligence relayers). The Soviet influence on the rank and insignia of other countries reached the apex after WW2 when most countries of East Europe changed their traditional insignia to the Soviet design. Militia: Red background with silver rank stripes. // i, 49, . Try contacting them via Messages to find out! FOREWORD $32.00, $40.00 KGB, Russian in full Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, English Committee for State Security, foreign intelligence and domestic security agency of the Soviet Union. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. cap non-commissioned officers' and The KGB was created in 1954 to serve as the sword and shield of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era the KGBs responsibilities also included the protection of the countrys political leadership, the supervision of border troops, and the general surveillance of the population.