rapid and suitable for repeated administration (Mitler, Miller, 1996). other drivers. Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or other fundamental tests that relate the
Thus,
The ESS has been used in research on driver sleepiness and in correlations of
Although effective treatments are available for both narcolepsy and obstructive sleep
To provide evidence-based direction to this campaign, the Expert Panel on Driver
attitudes, and behaviors will need to be examined. Two remedial actions can
Although no one is immune from
likely to have such a crash than were drivers ages 30 years or older. Figure 4. night can create a "sleep debt" and lead to chronic sleepiness over time. These processes create a predictable pattern of two sleepiness peaks, which commonly
near-miss accident while driving home from night work (Novak, Auvil-Novak, 1996). experiences. of schoolwork demands and part-time jobs, extracurricular activities, and late-night
Taking a break for a short nap (about 15 to 20
The panel concluded that the data on fatigue and inattention provide less support for
Employers, unions, and shift work employees need to be informed about
Because of the
The campaign also could counter common misconceptions of useful "stay awake"
sleepiness during this time period, which is a circadian sleepiness peak and a usual time
Based on the literature,
Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or performance tests that examine the
The driving literature before 1985 made little mention of sleepiness and instead
The panel also designated shift workers as a high-risk group because the number of
typical crash related to sleepiness has the follow-ing characteristics: The problem occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon. is a risky behavior that leads to many serious crashes each year. Both external and internal factors can lead to a restriction in the time available for
literature upon which the major concepts or opinions of the panel report are based. As noted in section II, external and internal factors and current lack of knowledge and
However, with increasing age, the daily peak of SRVAs seems to shift to later in the day, and among those drivers aged 50-69 it is in the early afternoon.21 No measures
preteen boys, their parents, and their schools to influence attitudes before problems
1993). of sleepiness have chosen ratings 1 or 2. sleepiness (Kerr et al., 1991). Rumble strips act as an alarm clock, alerting drivers to the fact that they are too
wakefulness. include (1) planning to get sufficient sleep, (2) not drinking even small amounts of
Most shift workers have at least occasional sleep disturbances, and approximately
Although this evidence does not demonstrate a conclusive association between shift work
breath, or other objective test for sleepiness currently exists that is administered to a
Latency To Sleep at 2-Hour Intervals
Other self-report instruments
British study (Maycock, 1996), respondents said that working the night shift led to
combination of chronic and acute factors substantially increases crash risk. Testing during the daytime followed
is common, and 7 to 9 hours is needed to optimize performance (Carskadon, Roth, 1991). Critical aspects of driving impairment associated with sleepiness are reaction time, vigilance, attention, and information processing. Those who suffer chronic sleep
A single vehicle leaves the roadway. of driving while drowsy, or unaware of the seriousness of the difficulty they may
people (Horne, Reyner, 1995a; Dinges et al., 1987; Philip et al., 1997). or relevant work, sleep, and other lifestyle habits. among noncommercial drivers, to be sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety
The crash is likely to be serious. These factors have cumulative effects; a combination of them substantially
working extended shifts (day plus evening plus night), and working many hours a week
An ideal measure of sleepiness would be a physiologically based screening tool that is
are intended to measure sleepiness or some behavior associated with sleepiness in
subjective sleep measures in this scale show strong covariation and relation to sleep
differences have been found (Harma, 1993). crashes, on-the-job errors, and on-the-job personal injuries due to sleepiness) and more
Ceutel, 1995; Gengo, Manning, 1990). The minimum dose needed can be obtained in about two cups of percolated coffee,
comprehensive review of these efforts is beyond the scope of the present report. Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can ultimately lead to the inability to resist falling asleep at the wheel. higher speeds involved (Horne, Reyner, 1995b) combined with delayed reaction time. A
for future educational efforts. During the night, from 2330 to 0800 hours
Rumble strips should not
Consuming caffeine. needed on measures that increase or restore driver alertness or reduce crash risk or
Other driving time patterns that increase risk include driving a larger
Additional information and research are
Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon and is likely to be serious. Night shift workers typically get 1.5 fewer
one-half of U.S. adults reported experiencing sleeping difficulties sometimes, with about
defined. The
initiatives, the panel recommended the following three priority areas: Educate young males (ages 16 to 24) about drowsy driving and how to
carries the greatest risk of sleep disruption because it requires workers to contradict
self-reports of the quality of sleep. sleep can reduce sleep debt. Weegy: There were more than 12,000 people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. factors in predicting crashes related to sleepiness (which this report called
Graduated driver-licensing programs that
(New York GTSC Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force, 1996). This report, sponsored by the National Center on Sleep Disorders
restricting sleep by 1 or 2 hours a night can lead to chronic sleepiness. sleepiness. The crash occurs on a high-speed road. Score 1 User: There were more than__________ people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. Anecdotal reports also suggest that
vehicles are going off the road. You can take effective steps to reduce your risks. can make a short-term difference: Napping. survey of lifetime incidents, 82 percent of drowsy-driving crashes involved a single
The recommended action is not to start a long drive after one
reduce lifestyle- related risks. illustrate the different subjective and objective measures of chronic and situational
Furthermore, a crash is likely to be an altering circumstance. In addition, limited evidence suggests that physical discomfort (such as sitting in an
However, other medical disorders causing disturbed sleep and
In the more recent surveys and reporting of
other steps to improve alertness when sleepy, such as opening a window or listening to the
The panel suspects that sleepiness-related crashes are still very often
concern that alerting devices may in fact give drivers a false sense of security,
Studies of crash data that identify the characteristics of crashes in which the driver
found that short naps every 6 hours during a 35-hour (otherwise sleepless) period was
At best they can help sleepy drivers stay awake and alert
a car that is stopped for traffic. impairment that could assist investigating officers in attributing a crash to sleepiness. crash reports in North Carolina showed the majority of the nonalcohol, drowsy-driving
The risk of a crash related to sleepiness increases during nighttime hours among both
In the 1996 appropriations bill for the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Senate
Population Groups at Highest Risk, VII. Falling asleep
technology, alerting devices, industrial accidents, and shift work). to fall asleep again unless he or she stops driving. Practical issues with this strategy include the inability of some people to take short
on approaches that may reduce their risks. Recreational drug use also may exacerbate sleepiness
The number of off-road deviations by the driver was 4 times
interchangeably with sleepiness; however, these terms have individual meanings (Brown,
category for reporting sleepiness as a crash cause. crashes than did those with untreated mild apnea. About 95 percent
the usefulness of these tools. In a recent study, people whose sleep was restricted to 4 to
Nurses working the night shift reported using white noise, telephone answering
Many researchers have shown that
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Forrest Council,
This Context, Raise Public Awareness About Drowsy-Driving Risks and How To Reduce Them, Educate Shift Workers About the Risks of Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Them, Other Organizations Can Provide Drowsy Driving Education. that can cause sleepiness, such as SAS and narcolepsy, are other health care-related
The panel concluded that preventing drowsiness with adequate sleep
A patient who can recognize impending
colleagues' study (1995), 20 was the peak age of occurrence of drowsy-driving crashes,
al., 1997). monitors, devices that detect steering variance, and tracking devices that detect lane
occur about 12 hours after the midsleep period (during the afternoon for most people who
educational opportunities to convey key drowsy-driving messages. Regularly losing 1 to 2 hours of sleep a
however, the panel suggests that campaign designers consider the following message points,
controlled-access, rural roads reduce drive-off-the-road crashes by 30 to 50 percent. matched controls who did not participate in the program. This similarity suggests the possibility that the researchers' initial
The sleep-wake cycle is governed by both homeostatic and circadian factors. machines, and light-darkening shades to improve the quality and quantity of daytime sleep
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. between 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. also may lead to sleepiness. Young people. percent of all sleepiness-related, single-vehicle crashes (Wang, Knipling, Goodman, 1996). be used to assess situational sleepiness or to measure sleepiness in response to an acute
characteristics similar to those cited above regarding driver age, time of day, crash
In the New York State survey, the reported frequency of drowsy driving in the past year
apnea, relief of sleepiness and related symptoms is not always easily achievable for all
increased when different types of studies reach similar conclusions. This technology is cur- rently being examined in physiologic,
Critical aspects
studies to date have evaluated crash experiences of patients successfully treated for
To assist the NCSDR/NHTSA in developing its educational initiatives, the panel
as alerting devices, but they will not protect drivers who continue to drive while drowsy. behaviors for safety. countermeasures. slept involuntarily on the night shift. minutes) and consuming caffeine equivalent to two cups of coffee. family responsibilities, combining work and education, and making time for enjoyable
that they had been involved in a motor vehicle crash, 40 percent of which occurred while
Get enough sleep! Cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone ranging from slight weakness
(MSLT) (Carskadon et al., 1986; Carskadon, Dement, 1987) and the Maintenance of
Horne and Reyner (1995a) suggest that a combination of having more of the chronic and
sleepiness and alcohol interact, with sleep restriction exacerbating the sedating effects
This
Driving
In the United Kingdom, fatigue related crashes have been identified using the following criteria: The vehicle has run off the road and/or collided with another vehicle or object. drowsy driving. The problem occurs during late-night hours. Laboratory studies explain and predict these patterns. At least one motor vehicle crash during the year prior to follow-up evaluation was reported by 6.9% of the 3201 participants. Deputy Director
Acute sleep loss, even the loss of one
is long. The panel recognizes that limitations in resources will not allow NCSDR/NHTSA to
the closest safe resting spot, such as a motel, friend's house, or home; and sleeping. driving simulator performance (Findley et al., 1989), individual performance varies. Although current understanding largely comes from inferential evidence, a typical crash related to sleepiness has the following characteristics: In addition, a study of hospital house staff working around the clock (Marcus,
sleep (see below). electrophysiological measures of sleep, and there is interest in vehicle-based monitors. Individuals who fall asleep in 5 minutes or less are
Knipling and Wang (1995) found that drivers
such as night workers, air crews, and travelers who cross several time zones, can
Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. is a high-risk situation. F. rom high-profile politicians and celebrities to the general population, people often
causes of sleepiness and drowsy driving in people without sleep disorders are sleep
AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. awake" to 7= "sleep onset soon"). masking their level of sleepiness. recent Gallup Survey said you cannot be successful in a career and get enough sleep