The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. 11. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Sweet et al. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. 9. How did you perceive other groups? Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. Gender Socialization. 2010). In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. 2007). (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. In this instruction, children are taught desirable and undesirable virtues. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. How do students learn gender at school? As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? Recognizing that such negative peer interactions can have a profound impact on childhood socialization and later-life well-being (Canadian Council on Learning 2008), many schools have adopted strict anti-bullying policies that are incorporated into their school rules. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. 2004). Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). 2003). 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). The conflicts that students have with such rules were also highlighted. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Benefits. One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. What is streaming? Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. No Way! A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. The first zone is called the core. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. As noted by Sweet et al. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). WebInterests. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. What are Brints three zones of socialization? [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. School administrators argued that the girls were in violation of the school dress code and that the practice had been banned by school because the duct tape outfits had become too racy in previous years.7. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. But curriculum is just one aspect. How do they contribute to student socialization? Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Students also learn their gender at school. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. Socialized Delinquency. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. The American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? One suggestion for improving boys literacy is to incorporate more boy friendly books into the curriculum.9 Books that are about adventure and those that are non-fiction are thought to appeal to young males, while novels are more appealing to young females. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. 2007). The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. What problems are being identified? What kinds of resources are available on their websites? The role of peer groups was also discussed. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. 6. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). His teacher Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models.
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